Board Independence, Nomination And Remuneration Committee, And Compensation In Indonesia

Authors

  • Puteri Alfarisa Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
  • Iman Harymawan Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Airlangga

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24912/ja.v25i1.723
Keywords: Board Independence, Nomination and Remuneration Committee, Compensation.

Abstract

This article aims to examine the relationship between independent commissioners and nomination and remuneration committee (KNR) and their interaction with directors’ compensation using companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) and ordinary least square regression analysis technique. This study found that independent commissioners negatively associated with directors' compensation which showed that companies with a higher ratio of independent commissioners provide less directors' compensation due to optimal supervision of management’s opportunistic behavior. In contrast, KNR is positively associated with directors' compensation which means that companies with KNR provide greater compensation because, according to the "optimal contracting approach", the board is assumed to design compensation schemes to provide managers with efficient incentives to maximize shareholder value. Meanwhile, the interaction between the two variables is not associated with directors' compensation because of the negating effect which shows that companies with independent commissioners and KNR do not have a tendency for directors' compensation.


Author Biographies

Puteri Alfarisa, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia

puteri.alfarisa-2018@feb.unair.ac.id

Iman Harymawan, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Airlangga

harymawan.iman@feb.unair.ac.id

References

Abdullah, S. N. (2006). Directors ’ remuneration, firm ’ s performance and corporate governance in Malaysia among distressed companies. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 6(2), 162–174. https://doi.org/10.1108/14720700610655169.

Afrifa, G. A., and Adesina, O. O. (2018). How Does Directors Remuneration Affect SMEs’ Performance? Review of Accounting and Finance, 17(2), 238–258.

Akram, F., Ul Haq, M. A., and Umrani, W. A. (2019). Assessing the Effect of Managerial Power on Firm Performance through the Perceptual Lens of Executive Remuneration. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 27(1), 293–309.

Anderson, R. C., and Bizjak, J. M. (2003). An empirical examination of the role of the CEO and the compensation committee in structuring executive pay. Journal of Banking & Finance, 27(7), 1323–1348. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4266(02)00259-5.

Appiah, K. O., and Chizema, A. (2015). Remuneration committee and corporate failure. Corporate Governance, 15(5), 623–640. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-11-2014-0129.

Armstrong, C. S., Ittner, C. D., and Larcker, D. F. (2012). Corporate governance, compensation consultants, and CEO pay levels. Review of Accounting Studies, 17(2), 322–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-012-9182-y.

Aslam, E., Haron, R., and Tahir, M. N. (2019). How director remuneration impacts firm performance: An empirical analysis of executive director remuneration in Pakistan. Borsa Istanbul Review, 19(2), 186–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2019.01.003.

Ataay, A. (2018). Performance sensitivity of executive pay: the role of ownership structure, board leadership structure and board characteristics. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 31(1), 1152–1168. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2018.1456951.

Bebchuk, L. A., and Fried, J. M. (2003). Executive Compensation as an Agency Problem. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(3), 71–92.

Benkraiem, R., Hamrouni, A., Lakhal, F., and Toumi, N. (2017). Board independence, gender diversity and CEO compensation. Corporate Governance (Bingley), 17(5), 845–860. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-02-2017-0027.

Buachoom, W. (2017). Simultaneous relationship between performance and executive compensation of Thai non-financial firms. Asian Review of Accounting, 25(3), 404–423.

Campbell, C. J., Chang, R. P., DeJong Jr, J. C., Doktor, R., Oxelheim, L., and Randøy, T. (2016). The Impact of CEO Long-term Equity-based Compensation Incentives on Economic Growth in Collectivist versus Individualist Countries. Asian Economic Papers, 15(2), 109–133. https://doi.org/10.1162/ASEP_a_00432.

Cashen, L. H. (2014). Accountability at the Top: Executive Equity Ownership as an Alignment Mechanism in Times of Perceived Shareholder Neglect. Electronic Business Journal, 13(11), 794–810.

Chen, Z., Hung, W.-Y., Li, D., and Xing, L. (2017). The Impact of Bank Merger Growth on CEO Compensation. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 44(9–10), 1398–1442. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12263.

Conyon, M. J. (1995). Directors ‘ Pay in the Privatized Utilities. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 33(2), 159–171.

Conyon, M. J. (1997). Corporate governance and executive compensation. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 15(4), 493–509.

Conyon, M. J. (2014). Executive Compensation and Board Governance in US Firms*. The Economic Journal, 124(574), F60–F89. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12120.

Conyon, M. J., and He, L. (2011). Executive Compensation and Corporate Governance in China. Journal of Corporate Finance, 17(4), 1158–1175.

Conyon, M. J., and Peck, S. I. (1998). Board Control, Remuneration Committees, and Top Management Compensation. Academy of Management Journal, 41(2), 146–157.

Conyon, M. J., Peck, S. I., and Sadler, G. V. (2001). Corporate tournaments and executive compensation: Evidence from the UK. Strategic Management Journal, 22(8), 805–815. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.169.

Core, J. E., Holthausen, R. W., and Larcker, D. F. (1999). Corporate governance, chief executive officer compensation, and firm performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(98)00058-0.

Daily, C. M., Dalton, R. D., Johnson, L. J., and Ellstrand, E. A. (1998). Compensation Committee Composition as a Determinant of CEO Compensation Author ( s ): Catherine M . Daily , Jonathan L . Johnson , Alan E . Ellstrand and Dan R . Dalton Source : The Academy of Management Journal , Vol . 41 , No . 2 , Special Research Foru. Academy of Management Journal, 41(2), 209–220.

Dalton, D. R., and Dalton, C. M. (2011). Integration of micro and macro studies in governance research: CEO duality, board composition, and financial performance. Journal of Management, 37(2), 404–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310373399.

Dell’Atti, A., Intonti, M., and Iannuzzi, A. P. (2013). The effectiveness of remuneration committees in European banks: Regulation and best practices. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 21(4), 373–396. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRC-11-2012-0046.

Elsayed, N., and Elbardan, H. (2018). Investigating the Associations between Executive Compensation and Firm Performance: Agency Theory or Tournament Theory. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 19(2), 245–270.

Elston, J. A., and Goldberg, L. G. (2003). Executive compensation and agency costs in Germany. Journal of Banking & Finance, 27(7), 1391–1410.

Fama, E. F., and Jensen, M. C. (1983). Separation of Ownership and Control. The Journal of Law & Economics, 26(2), 301–325.

Foreman, P., and Howard, J. L. (2016). A Research Agenda for Examining the Role of Compensation Consultants in the Executive Pay Process. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 28(3), 191–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-016-9281-1.

Frantz, P., Instefjord, N., and Walker, M. (2013). Executive Compensation: A Model of Disclosure Choice. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 40(9–10), 1184–1220. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12041.

Gill, S., and Kohli, M. (2018). Perceptual Determinants of Executive Compensation: Survey-Based Evidence from India. Indian Journal of Corporate Governance, 11(2), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0974686218797760.

Guay, W. R., Core, J. E., and Larcker, D. F. (2002). Executive Equity Compensation and Incentives: A Survey. SSRN Electronic Journal, 27–50. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.276425.

Habib, A., and Bhuiyan, M. B. U. (2016). Overlapping Membership on Audit and Compensation Committees and Financial Reporting Quality. Australian Accounting Review, 26(1), 76–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/auar.12086.

Hoi, C. K., Wu, Q., and Zhang, H. (2019). Does social capital mitigate agency problems? Evidence from Chief Executive Officer (CEO) compensation. Journal of Financial Economics, 133(2), 498–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2019.02.009.

Huang, S. S., Hirth, R. A., and Smith, D. G. (2016). Managers’ Compensation in a Mixed Ownership Industry: Evidence from Nursing Homes. Frontiers in Public Health, 4, 283. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPUBH.2016.00283.

Jaafar, M. Y., Nawawi, A., and Salin, A. S. A. P. (2019). Factors Influencing Directors’ Remuneration Disclosure in Malaysia PLCs. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 27(2), 1049–1071.

Janang, J. T., Tinggi, M., and Kun, A. (2018). Technical inefficiency effects of corporate governance on government linked companies in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Society, 19(3), 918–936.

Jensen, M. C., and Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the Firm: Managerial. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305–360. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X.

Jong, L., and Ho, P.-L. (2018). Inside the family firms: The impact of family and institutional ownership on executive remuneration. Cogent Economics & Finance, 6(1), 1432095. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2018.1432095.

Jong, L., and Ho, P.-L. (2019). Family directors, independent directors, remuneration committee and executive remuneration in Malaysian listed family firms. Asian Review of Accounting, 28(1), 24–47. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARA-04-2019-0099.

Kanapathippillai, S., Gul, F., Mihret, D., and Muttakin, M. B. (2019). Compensation committees, CEO pay and firm performance. Pacific Basin Finance Journal, 57(July), 101187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2019.101187.

Kanapathippillai, S., Johl, S. K., and Wines, G. (2016). Remuneration committee effectiveness and narrative remuneration disclosure. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 40, 384–402.

Kartadjumena, E., and Rodgers, W. (2019). Executive Compensation, Sustainability, Climate, Environmental Concerns, and Company Financial Performance: Evidence from Indonesian Commercial Banks. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(6), 1673. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061673.

Kent, P., Kercher, K., and Routledge, J. (2018). Remuneration committees, shareholder dissent on CEO pay and the CEO pay–performance link. Accounting and Finance, 58(2), 445–475. https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.12222.

Kirsten, E., and Du Toit, E. (2018). The relationship between remuneration and financial performance for companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 21(1), 1–10.

Kohli, M., and Gill, S. (2019). Impact of family involvement on strategy and CEO compensation: Evidence from the Indian pharmaceutical industry. Journal of Family Business Management, 10(3), 189–212. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFBM-09-2019-0060.

Kwon, S., Yang, D., Song, J., and Jung, S. H. (2017). CEO Gender and Downward Pay Rigidities as Rent-extractions. Asian Women, 33(4), 1–26.

Li, Z., and Thibodeau, C. (2019). CSR-Contingent Executive Compensation Incentive and Earnings Management. Sustainability, 11(12), 3421.

Liang, H., Renneboog, L., and Sun, S. L. (2015). The political determinants of executive compensation: Evidence from an emerging economy. Emerging Markets Review, 25, 69–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2015.04.008.

Majid, J., Mediaty, Habbe, A. H., Herryanto, and Possumah, B. T. (2019). Factors Affecting Director Remuneration: A Study of Manufacturing Companies Listed on ASEAN State Stock Exchanges. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 7(9), 238–250.

Mans-Kemp, N., and Viviers, S. (2018). Executive performance evaluation and remuneration: Disclosure and practices of selected listed South African companies (2002−2015). South African Journal of Accounting Research, 32(2–3), 154–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/10291954.2018.1465149.

Manzaneque, M., Merino, E., and Ramírez, Y. (2015). Relationship between directors’ compensation and business performance: One issue to debate. Corporate Board: Role, Duties & Composition, 11(3), 166–175.

Marshall, A., Pinto, H., and Tang, L. (2019). Executive compensation in less regulated markets : the impact of debt monitoring. The European Journal of Finance, 25(18), 1883–1918. https://doi.org/10.1080/1351847X.2019.1668448.

Mutlu, C. C., Essen, M. Van, Peng, M. W., Saleh, S. F., and Duran, P. (2018). Corporate Governance in China: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Management Studies, 55(6), 943–979. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12331.

Nannicini, A., Ferraz, D. P., and Lopes, I. T. (2018). Relationship between top executive compensation and corporate governance: evidence from large Italian listed companies. International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 15(4), 197–209. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41310-018-0050-2.

Ndzi, E. (2016). Directors’ pay regulation: “one goal two approaches.” International Journal of Law and Management, 58(3), 337–352.

Ndzi, E. G. (2019). Executive remuneration: the power and dominance of human greed. Journal of Financial Crime, 26(4), 978–992. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-06-2017-0059

Newman, H. A., and Mozes, H. A. (1999). Does the composition of the compensation committee influence CEO compensation practices? Financial Management, 28(3), 41–53.

Ntim, C. G., Opong, K. K., and Danbolt, J. (2015). Board size, corporate regulations and firm valuation in an emerging market: a simultaneous equation approach. International Review of Applied Economics, 29(2), 194–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2014.983048.

Olaniyi, C. O., and Obembe, O. B. (2017). Determinants of CEO pay: Empirical evidence from Nigerian quoted banks. International Journal of Business Performance Management, 18(3), 327–349.

Papenfuβ, U., and Schmidt, C. (2016). Pay-Performance Relationship in German State-Owned Enterprises: Evidence and Reflection for Organizational Success Research with Undistorted and “Right” Data. Corporate Ownership & Control, 13(2), 336–350.

Rahmat, M. M., Amin, H. A. M., and Saleh, N. M. (2018). Controlling Shareholders’ Networks and Related Party Transactions: Moderating Role of Director Remuneration in Malaysia. Jurnal Pengurusan, 53, 107–117. https://doi.org/10.17576/pengurusan-2018-53-010.

Rasoava, R. (2019). Executive compensation and firm performance: a non-linear relationship. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 17(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.17(2).2019.01.

Ross, S. A. (1973). The Economic Theory of Agency : The Principal ’ s Problem Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article : The Economic Theory of Agency : The Principal ’ s Problem. The American Economic Review, 63(2), 134–139.

Schmid, S., and Wurster, D. J. (2016). Are international top executives paid more? Empirical evidence on fixed and variable compensation in management boards of German MNCs. European Journal of International Management, 10(1), 25–53. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2016.073981.

Słomka-gołębiowska, A. (2016). The Effect of Remuneration Committee Independence on the Pay-Performance Relationship: Evidence from the Banking Industry in Poland. Eastern European Economics, 54(1), 71–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/00128775.2015.1110489.

Sun, J., Cahan, S. F., and Emanuel, D. (2009). Compensation committee governance quality, chief executive officer stock option grants, and future firm performance. Journal of Banking and Finance, 33(8), 1507–1519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.02.015.

Sur, S., Magnan, M., and Cordeiro, J. (2015). Disentangling CEO compensation: A simultaneous examination of time, industry, and firm-level effects. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 32(1), 30–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.1304.

Wei, W., Tang, R. W., and Yang, J. Y. (2018). Independent directors in Asian firms: An integrative review and future directions. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 35(3), 671–696.

Yarram, S. R., and Rice, J. (2017). Executive compensation among Australian mining and non-mining firms: Risk taking, long and short-term incentives. Economic Modelling, 64, 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.03.034.

Downloads

PlumX Metrics

Published

2021-06-10

How to Cite

Puteri Alfarisa, & Iman Harymawan. (2021). Board Independence, Nomination And Remuneration Committee, And Compensation In Indonesia. Jurnal Akuntansi, 25(1), 34–53. https://doi.org/10.24912/ja.v25i1.723

Issue

Section

Articles